Kelly DeVries and Douglas Smiths’ Second Edition Text,...

Kelly DeVries and Robert Douglas Smith. Medieval Military Technology, Second Edition. Toronto. University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 2012. XVIII + 356 pp. Illustrations, bibliographical references, Index. ISBN 978-1-4426-0497-1. This second edition of DeVries and Smiths’ book, Medieval Military Technology, encompasses many of the weapons, fortifications, vessels, machines, and armour developed throughout the medieval period, to provide a brief cultural history of the relationship between military technology and medieval society. DeVries and Smiths’ purpose in compiling this book was to lay out their argument in a way to which the reader can understand the purpose of medieval military and its relationship to society. The central†¦show more content†¦The second example I have chosen to look at is used to show how society influenced military technology. Due to the types of weapons being used in fourteenth century, knights came to favour plate armour over chain mail . DeVries and Smiths’ section on plate armour, along with figure 2.7 , helps to describe how medieval society used plate armour to influence their military technology. These examples provide an insight to how DeVries and Smith portray a comprehensive argument, that explains the significant roles both society and technology had during the Middle Ages. DeVries and Smith have succeeded in laying out and proving their argument, which is that medieval military technology was influenced both by that of society on technology, and technology’s influence on society; although, the argument of this book was somewhat difficult to figure out. Neither the introduction nor conclusion in, Medieval Military Technology is clear at pointing out the central argument of the book. Instead, these sections describe other historians’ contributions to the field of military technology, the structure of the book itself, happenings during the Middle Ages, and the dying out of military practices. It is not until you have thoroughly completed reading the text and reviewed its contents that you understand the books purpose. As the introduction points out, Medieval Military

Cbt and Diversity - 1191 Words

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is recommended by the NICE guidelines as an effective treatment for many mental health problems, specifically depression and all of the anxiety disorders. But is it a therapy open to all? When Professor Lord Layard wrote his paper: â€Å"Mental Health: Britain’s Biggest Social Problem?† in 2005, he noted that: â€Å"16% of adults of working age have a mental illness† Of these 16%, he stated that, only a quarter were utilising any type of treatment. It was this sort of finding that lead to his recommendation to increase accessibility to proven therapies such as CBT. This was achieved with the roll out of the Improved Access to Psychological Therapy (IAPT) programme. The diagram below shows how the IAPT†¦show more content†¦They have created a game called â€Å"gNAtenboroughs Island† which is played by the youngster alongside a therapist. Each session introduces another core CBT concept to the young person, such as the connection between thoughts, feelings and behaviours. These are presented in a non-threatening way and also a way that may be more engaging to this age group. Cerangolu (2010) found that video games could enhance the therapeutic experience. They could help facilitate the therapeutic relationship as young people may be more willing to relate to a therapist that is ready to engage and understand their normal way of playing. Also sitting side by side rather than at the conventional â€Å"ten to two† setting also may make the young person relax. How the game is played can also reveal the young person cognitive style. As technology develops so do the opportunities to engage young people in therapy. Apps for smartphones are constantly being developed that allow the young person to access their homework in a more user friendly way, to record their thoughts and emotions instantaneously. To allow them to engage in therapy in the same way that they engage in their life. Homework may be a part of CBT therapy that causes a young person to disengage, especially as the very word may cause them to have negative connotations. Gaynor et al (2006) found that compliance toward completing homework dropped the further into therapy a young person was. It is important that theShow MoreRelatedObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1260 Words   |  6 Pagesconfirming any diagnosis with a mental health client, it is imperative social workers develop the appropriate theoretical conceptualization. The theoretical conceptualization can often involve one or more theories that best suit the client. Cultural diversity is a significant factor in developing treatment for clients and must not be disregarded. 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Ego psychology in the form of life review or reminiscence project would be beneficial, if her ego was better developed at the time. This would allow her theRead MoreSteps Transformational Process : A Medical Ready Force And Deliver Prevention Focused1048 Words   |  5 Pagesready force and deliver prevention-focused, easily accessible Healthcare to our Active Duty Air Force Community. Vision: â€Å"Premier Medics, Unrivaled Care† Five Step Transformational Process Step 1. Discovery (what has been done in the areas of diversity and team building) My observations for the last two months while assigned to the 43d Medical Squadron has been very positive. My unit is very diverse demographically, cognitively, organizationally, and globally. My squadron has the following demographicRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy1617 Words   |  7 Pagesand observable conditions he believed mind and motive had been given too much attention (Corey, 2013). Albert Bandura and his colleague’s did brilliant work in the area of social modeling validating modeling as a powerful method clarifying the diversity of ways people learn. In the 1980s Bandura had renamed the theoretical approach to Social Cognitive Theory which helped us understand how we work as self-regulating people and that people are not just reactive organisms that have been shaped byRead MoreUse Of Existential Therapists View Themselves As Companions996 Words   |  4 Pagesit is not a technique-oriented approach which is the complete opposite of CBT; â€Å"this is an active, directive, time-limited, present-centered, psychoeducational, structured therapy† (Cory, 2013, p. 485). CBT has a wide range of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques to use. Some techniques include completing homework assignments, learning coping skills, role playing, imagery, skills training and many more. Although CBT treatments differ in their form and application, they all emphasize specificRead MoreThe Effects Of Comorbid Alcohol And Depression And Four Solely On Depression1492 Words   |  6 Pagesresults for the effectiveness of psychotherapies, including CBT (either alone or in combination with antidepressant medication). They concluded, however, that the evidence was not yet strong enough, due to the minor numbers of studies they had for their review, the diversity among them and the low methodological qualities of some. The results of these reviews suggest introductory evidence that psychological interventions in particular CBT, may be effective for treating co-occurring disorder. DespiteRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1697 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one therapeutic approach that is capable of providing this group with effective psychotherapeutic treatment and interventions as well as approaches that enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of group therapy. Often developed for skills training, cognitive-behavioral groups are characterized by the use of practical interventions focused on behavior modification techniques (Wilson, Bouffard, and Mackenzie; 2005). The therapeutic goal of cognitive behavioralRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1565 Words   |  7 Pagesand degree of the traumatic event, the prevalence rates of PTSD in victims have been reported to approach 100%† (Kar, 2011, p.167). Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been used as an effective intervention to assist in regulating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence-based practice, displays that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) strategy is an excellent way in decreasing the symptoms and risks that occur with post-traumatic stress disorder (Feather Ronan, 2009). The purpose of a program

The Importance of Nonverbal Communication in Work Places

Question: Non-Verbal Communication Is More Important Than Verbal Communication? Answer: Introduction Communication at work place is so important especially in the companies. This is because it gives companies good chances to be very productive and carry out its operations effectively. Many organizations fail to realize the importance of adopting effective communication strategies and this article therefore aims at highlighting how to utilize communication to improve organizational performance. There is an experience of some increase in commitment, morale and productivity by the employees provided they communicate well across the chain of communication in their places of work. The transmission of information among people in an organization is referred to as work place communication and this could involve the use of notes, one on one talks, emails, text messages etc. Arguments to be used Communication skills are very important at work place and this can be seen when the communication is good and of high quality. Meaning the kind of communication used should aim at preventing conflict, misunderstanding and miscommunication of issues (Burgoon, Blair, and Strom, p. 586). In this regard effective communication leads to productive work and performance which in the end has positive impacts on the companys bottom line. In order to increase the effectiveness of internal communication managers have to put in mind the relevance of effective communication. If communication at work place is poor employees are likely to quit job and seek for better working conditions (Hancock, p. 458). This is the reason why important communication skills are usually listed among the top job skills in determining both the employer and employee satisfaction. Increased stress and job dissatisfaction comes as a result of misunderstanding whatever is being said. Overview of verbal and nonverbal communication Good communication skills lead to better relations at work places and the stronger your skills are the better placed one is for hiring and job promotions. Effectiveness of verbal communication is more than just talking (Granhag and Vrij, p. 86). It involves both the delivery of messages and how one receives information. All workers that convey information in a clear and effective manner are highly valued by employers. All the employees that are good at interpreting messages and acting appropriately on the needed information are better placed in excelling at their jobs. Verbal communication takes place among different people at work place and its constituent depends on the relationship existing between the communicating groups (Granhag, p. 41).For the nonverbal communication which involves use of gestures, facial expression is very key in the day to day operations of an organization (Ekman, OSullivan and Frank, p 1315). These are also referred to as signals and they often give clues a s well as additional information and proper meaning to spoken communication. Importance of nonverbal communication in work places With non-verbal communication its easier to emphasize or even modify whatever has been said in words. For instance, if one is in agreement with something they simply nod their heads but if not in agreement they seem to shrug their shoulders with some sad or discontentment expression on their faces. This kind of communication also assists people to give some feedback to the recipient, regulate the flow of communication and give out information regarding their state of emotions (Egolf, p. 1419). If one is clearly tuned into the other persons nonverbal communication cues, then they can easily determine the true meaning of what they are saying and this goes beyond the words they are saying. Communication is very important in all the working environments and should be embraced by all employees and managers for proper functioning of the organization. Effective communication can be achieved either verbally or non-verbally provided the context of the message therein is clear. To a larger extend however nonverbal communication if done effectively is more important at work place compared to verbal communication. This is because if one is able to read the mood of an employee via the body language then a lot can be done to build on something good or rectify whatever is not right. This communication is very important to an organization as it makes it productive and allows it to operate smoothly. If the communication is effective it increases an employees job satisfaction, productivity as well as positively impact on absenteeism and turnover rates. Communication at work place can either be verbal or nonverbal. For verbal communication it involves use of sounds and language to pass on a message while nonverbal communication is simply the use of gestures, body language, eye contact, posture and facial expressions to convey a message. One may be agreeing with your communication verbally but in real sense from the clues such as fidgeting, avoidance of eye contact they are not. Therefore, its important to note if someones verbal and nonverbal communications are marching so as to tell whether they are in agreement with you (Bond and DePaulo, p. 480). If the body language is well understood, then it becomes important in helping one to agree with your points. The use of mirroring techniques assists in putting others at ease. This technique should however be used in a manner that the other person does not feel teased. It should also be noted that this kind of communication is not just relevant in face to face communication (Joseph, p. 61). It can be of importance even in situations wherepeople are talking on phone. Someone who has mastered the interpretation of nonverbal communication can decipher the real feelings of the other person on phone basically by being keen on the tone used in the conversation. Is the tone sounding satisfied, dissatisfied or just not at par with what you are trying to communicate? This can be evident via intonation, tone of the voice, pauses etc. through use of nonverbal communications and especially the body language strong messages can be sent regardless of what the words may be saying (Burgoon, Guerrero and Flo, p. 128). The tone in the voice, volume, pitch, quality and speed they all affect what one wants to say. The language of ones body can easily contradict what your words may be saying, repeat your words, substitute your verbal communication or simply reinforce what you are saying verbally by adding meaning. While using nonverbal communication one can make the verbal communication more or less relevant in one way or the other (Bollingmo et al., p. 68). For example, you cannot tell someone they have not performed well verbally at work by avoiding eye contact with them. In as much as verbal communication is widely used in almost all organization it has its own shortcoming this is because with verbal communication the real feelings or intentions of an emp loyee are not clearly brought out. This is different for the nonverbal communication where if the managers are keen at reading someones body language they can easily tell what they are communicating and act accordingly either to better a situation or rectify whatever the problem is. Through talking one may not really bring out all that they intent to unlike in the nonverbal communication where the feelings can be read from the mood or gestures (Granhag and Hartwig, p. 193). Therefore, nonverbal communication is very important at work places unlike verbal communication where one will only tell you what you need to hear and not the real information that can be read non-verbally. To enhance nonverbal communication at work place one has to be conscious of their feelings, and physicality. You need also to be keen on watching peoples facial expression, body languages and voice intonations. To be able to adapt quickly to any situation and kind of communication at hand is one of the skills that people continuously improve on with time. Among the two forms of communication its evident that nonverbal communication actually completes verbal communication. One can only be completely sure of the message that another person is trying to put across by being keen on the nonverbal cues which in most cases should tally with what is being said verbally. Therefore, at work places every person has to work towards mastering the art of interpreting nonverbal cues in order to decipher the real meaning of verbal communication in their conversations with their colleagues. This sends some signals that you are either not sure of what you are saying or in one way or another you fear the said employee and therefore not confident of reprimanding them. Nonverbal communication ensures workplace efficiency. Its of great importance in businesses and interviews. Most of the professions such as lawyers, teachers, journalists and even doctors communicate on regular basis and therefore if their nonverbal communication is not up to standards their work is likely to suffer (Bull, p. 201). For example, interviews and meetings require a lot of eye contact which is a sign of interest and confidence. Conclusion Effective communication is important in the success of any organization. Both verbal and nonverbal communications reinforce each other and therefore should be taken seriously in ensuring smooth operations in the work place. Anyone who is keen on reading the nonverbal communication of an employee such as facial expression and gestures is better placed in having a deeper understanding of what they sincerely intent to communicate to them. Interpreting nonverbal communication is something that one learns with time and its very important to any person who would like to achieve effectiveness in communication. One can only enhance verbal communication if they are good listeners. References Bond, C.F., DePaulo, B.M. (2008). Individual differences in judgingdeception: Accuracy and bias. Psychological Bulletin, 134,477492. Bull, P. (2009). Detecting deceit: Current issues. In T. Williamson,B. Milne, S.P. Savage (Eds.), International developments ininvestigative interviewing (pp. 19006). Cullompton, England:Willan. Burgoon, J.K., Blair, J.P., Strom, R.E. (2008). Cognitive biases andnonverbal cue availability in deception detection. Human CommunicationResearch, 34, 572599. Bollingmo, G., Wessel, E., Sandvold, Y., Eilertsen, D.E., Magnussen, S. (2009). The effect of biased and non-biased informationon judgements of witness credibility. Psychology, Crime Law, 15, 6171. Joseph A. DeVito (2012). Interpersonal Communication Book, The,13/E. Published 01/05/2012 Instock. P 56-70 Burgoon, J.K.; Guerrero, L. K. K. Flo (2010). Non verbal communication textbook. Pg 120-131. Publisher: Allyn Bacon, Incorporated Ekman, P., OSullivan, M., Frank, M.G. (2008). Scoring and reporting: A response to Bond (2008). Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22, 13151317. Granhag, P.A. (2010). On the psycho-legal study of true and false intentions: Dangerous waters and some stepping stones. The Open Criminology Journal, 3, 3743. Granhag, P.A., Hartwig, M. (2008). A new theoretical perspective on deception detection: On the psychology of instrumental mindreading. Psychology, Crime Law, 14, 189200. Granhag, P.A., Vrij, A. (2010). Interviewing to detect deception. In P.A. Granhag (Ed.), Forensic psychology in context: Nordic and Nonverbal and Verbal Lie Deection 115 international approaches (pp. 7593). Cullompton, England: Willan. Egolf, D. (2010). Phasing in Three Web-Based Assignments in a Nonverbal Communication Class. In D. Gibson B. Dodge (Eds.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology Teacher Education International Conference 2010 (pp. 1418-1420). Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Hancock, J.T (2004). Verbal irony use in computer-mediated and face-to-face conversations. Journal of Language and SocialPsychology, 23 447-463.